References
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Augustin, P., & Haines, A. A. (1996). Effect of music on ambulatory surgery patient’s preoperative anxiety. AORN Journal, 63, 750-758.
Bolwerk, C. A. (1990). Effects of relaxing music on state anxiety in myocardial infarction patients. Critical Care Nursing Quarterly, 13, (2), 63-72.
Cheitlin, G. G., Epstein, C. A., Ferguson, F. C., Freedman, Hlatky, Naccarelli, Schlant, S. S., & Silka (1998). Journal of American College of Cardiology, 31, 1175-1209.
Chetta, H. D. (1981). The effect of music and desensitization on preoperative anxiety in children. Journal of Music Therapy, 28, 74-87.
Corah, N. L., Gale, E. N., Pace, L. F., & Seyrek, S. K. (1981). Relaxation and musical programming as means of reducing psychological stress during dental procedures. JADA, 103, 232-234.
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pre.htm.
Table 1
Mean Anxiety Scores Before and After Surgery for Pacemaker and Heart Catheterization Patients
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Heart Catheterization M Control: n: 7 Pre: 29.71 Post: 31.29 Experimental: n: 8 Pre: 31.75 Post: 25.87
Pacemaker M Control: n:2 Pre: 40.00 Post: 34.00 Experimental: n:1 Pre: 51.00 Post: 30.00
_________________________________________________________
Note. The higher the score is, the greater the anxiety.
Appendix A
Consent Form
The Effect of Preferred Sedative Music on the Anxiety of Patients During Pacemaker Implant Surgery and Heart Catheterization
The Department of Art, Music Education and Music Therapy at the University of Kansas supports the practice of protection for human subjects participating in research. The following information is provided for you to decide whether you wish to participate in the present study. You should be aware that even if you agree to participate, you are free to withdraw at any time without penalty.
The purpose of this research is to attempt to decrease anxiety in patients undergoing pacemaker implant or heart catheterization surgery by providing them with preferred music to focus on during the procedure.
You will be asked to answer a set of questions directly before and after your surgery. This will take approximately ten minutes per set of questions. You may also be asked to choose a group of music selections which you will listen to during the surgery.
There are not documented risks to listening to music while undergoing surgery. Therefore, there are no foreseeable risks to you if you participate in this study. There are also no direct benefits to you for participating in this study.
Your participation is solicited although strictly voluntary. The records of this study will be kept private. Records will be kept in a secured file. Only researchers will have access to the records.
The researcher conducting this study is Daniel B. Tague. You may ask any questions you have now. If you would like additional information concerning this study before or after it is complete, please feel free to contact me by phone or mail.
Sincerely,
Daniel B. Tague Alicia Ann Clair, Ph. D.
Principle Investigator Faculty Supervisor
2435 Alabama St. AMEMT Dept.
Lawrence, KS 66046 311 Bailey Hall
(785) 331-3188 Lawrence, KS, 66045
(913) 864-4784
________________________________________
Signature of subject agreeing to participate
With my signature I affirm that I am at least 18 years of age and have received a copy of the consent form to keep.
Appendix B
Self-Evaluation Questionnaire
Directions: Answer each statement to indicate how you feel right now, that is, at this moment. There are no right or wrong answers. Give the answer which seems to describe your present feelings best.
Not at all = 1
Somewhat = 2
Moderately so = 3
Very much so = 4
1. I feel calm ........................ 1 2 3 4
2. I feel secure ...................... 1 2 3 4
3. I am tense ......................... 1 2 3 4
4. I feel strained .................... 1 2 3 4
5. I feel at ease ..................... 1 2 3 4
6. I feel upset ....................... 1 2 3 4
7. I am presently worrying over possible misfortunes
..............……………………………1 2 3 4
8. I feel satisfied ................... 1 2 3 4
9. I feel frightened .................. 1 2 3 4
10. I feel comfortable ................. 1 2 3 4
11. I feel self-confident .............. 1 2 3 4
12. I feel nervous ..................... 1 2 3 4
13. I am jittery ....................... 1 2 3 4
14. I feel indecisive .................. 1 2 3 4
15. I am relaxed ....................... 1 2 3 4
16. I feel content ..................... 1 2 3 4
17. I am worried ....................... 1 2 3 4
18. I feel confused .................... 1 2 3 4
19. I feel steady ...................... 1 2 3 4
20. I feel pleasant .................... 1 2 3 4
Appendix C
Music
Tape 1: New Age
1. Seasons: Sisters of Paradise, Guitar and Chamber Nouveau, Steven Pasero
2. Heart of Midnight (Original Soundtrack), Yanni, Carol’s Theme
3. Seasons: Silhouettes of Dawn
4. Rocky Mountain High: John Denver, Winter-Spring
5. Watermark: Enya, Watermark
6. Picture This: Jim Brickman, Sweet Dreams
7. Forest: George Winston, Walking on Air
8. Winter Solstice: Snow in the Prairies
9. Babies First Lullabies, Dance to Your Daddy
10. Red River Crossing: Marshall Styler, Red River Crossing
11. Red River Crossing: Marshall Styler, Ballad of Brenham Road
12. Meet Joe Black (Original Soundtrack): Meet Joe Black
13. Reflections of Passion: Yannie, A Word in Private
Tape 2: Easy Listening
1. Swinging on a Star: Bing Crosby, Moonlight Becomes You
2. Swinging on a Star: Bing Crosby, The Day After Forever
3. For Sentimental Reasons: Linda Ronstadt, You Go to My Head
4. Unforgettable Natalie Cole: You Go to My Head
5. Unforgettable Natalie Cole: Our Love is Here to Stay
6. Til Their Eyes Shine: Emmy Lou Harris, Child of Mine
7. Colors of the Day: Judy Collins, Since You Asked
8. Colors of the Day: Judy Collins, Who Knows Where the Time Goes
9. Colors of the Day: Judy Collins, In My Life
10. Come On Over: Shania Twain, You’ve Got a Way
Tape 3: Classical
1. The Harmonious Harp: Nicamer Zabaleta, Concerto for Harp and Orchestra in G major
2. Mozart Piano Sonatas: Adagio, Sonata in E-flat (partial)
3. Early Music: Henry Purcell, Adagio from the Fairy Queen
4. Eine Kleine Nachtmusik: Mozart, Andante K. 525
5. JS Bach: Air on a G String
6. Mozart Piano Sonatas: Andante Graziozo
7. Mozart Piano Sonatas: Sonata in E-flat, Adagio
8. Out of Africa: Mozart, Concerto for Clarinet and Orchestra in A
9. Out of Africa: Alone on the Farm
10. 101 Famous Classical Pieces: Brahms Lullaby, Cradle Song, Opus 49
11. JS Bach: Arioso in F
12. 101 Famous Classical Pieces; Sadie, Gymnopedie
13. Baby Sleep: Schumann, Scenes from childhood, Foreign Lands and People
14. JS Bach: Concerto in D minor, Siciliano
15. Meet Joe Black (Original Soundtrack): Track 3
16. Meet Joe Black (Original Soundtrack): Track 8
